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Table 2 Examples of new potential PET tracers for TSPO imaging in clinical studies

From: Current paradigm of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) as a molecular target for PET imaging in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases

PET tracer

Chemical class

Diseased/healthy subjects

Findings

[11C]DAA1106

Phenoarylacetamides [6]

AD, ALS, FTD, MS, CI

Higher binding affinity compared with PK11195 [33, 43]a

[11C]vinpocetine

Vina alkaloids[4]

MS, healthy subjects

Higher BP but potential different binding sites as PK11195 [4446]

[18F]FEDAA1106

Phenoarylacetamides [6]

Healthy subjects

Match known patterns of TSPO distribution [47]a

[11C]PBR28

Phenoarylacetamides [6]

Healthy subjects

Good agreement of pattern in TSPO distribution [35]a

[11C]AC-5216

Oxodihydropurines [5]

Healthy subjects

Match known patterns of TSPO distribution [36]a

[11C]DPA-713

Pyrazolo-[1,5-a]-pyrimidines [7]

Healthy subjects

Potentially higher binding affinity than PK11195 [37]a

[18F]DPA-714

Pyrazolo-[1,5-a]-pyrimidines [7]

Healthy subjects

Potentially higher binding potential in brain [38]

  1. AD Alzheimer’s disease, ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, MS multiple sclerosis, FTD frontotemporal dementia, CI cerebral infarction
  2. aMixed-affinity binding in human brain