Table 2 Equilibrium comparison between the training and internal validation sets, and the clinical/radiological characteristics in the external validation

Clinical characteristics

 Age

53.05 ± 10.83

54.24 ± 10.40

0.554^a

54.31 ± 8.30

 FIGO

0.098^c

  I–II

16 (17.2)

15 (36.6)

7 (16.7)

  III–IV

77 (82.8)

26 (63.4)

35 (83.4)

 CA125

830.50 (307.70, 1856.10)

593.00 (239.50, 2036.70)

0.327^b

1000.50 (410.24, 2104.28)

 HE4

396.00 (153.00, 767.00)

224.00 (108.00, 597.00)

0.084^b

572.55 (201.58, 960.12)

 NLR

2.87 (1.89, 5.43)

3.26 (2.04, 4.58)

0.186^b

3.49 (2.57, 5.36)

Radiological characteristics

 Distribution

0.106^c

  Unilateral

41 (44.1)

25 (61.0)

22 (52.4)

  Bilateral

52 (55.9)

16 (39.0)

20 (47.6)

 Lobulated ovarian mass

0.547^c

  No

3 (3.2)

3 (7.3)

3 (7.1)

  Yes

90 (96.8)

38 (92.7)

39(92.9)

 Angiogenesis of ovarian mass

0.741^c

  No

8 (8.6)

5 (12.2)

4 (9.5)

  Yes

85 (91.4)

36 (87.8)

38 (90.5)

  Size of ovarian mass (maximum diameter, cm)

8.20 (6.00, 12.00)

8.60 (6.80, 11.00)

0.835^b

6.20 (4.82, 8.90)

 Homogeneous solid in ovarian mass

1^c

  No

26 (28.0)

12 (29.3)

12 (28.6)

  Yes

67 (72.0)

29 (70.7)

30 (71.4)

 Peritoneum/mesentery nodules

0.837^c

  No

24 (25.8)

12 (29.3)

9 (21.4)

  Yes

69 (74.2)

29 (70.7)

33 (78.6)

Metastases of distant parenchymal organs

1^c

  No

79 (84.9)

35 (85.4)

35 (83.3)

  Yes

14 (15.1)

6 (14.6)

7 (16.7)

 Retro-peritoneal lymphadenopathy

0.106^c

  No

73 (78.5)

26 (63.4)

35 (83.3)

  Yes

20 (21.5)

15 (36.6)

7 (16.7)

 Amount of ascites

0.013^c

  No/small

38 (40.9)

27 (65.9)

20 (47.6)

  Medium-to-large

55 (59.1)

14 (34.1)

22 (52.4)